6 La comunicación escrita. Distintos tipos de textos escritos. Estructura y elementos formales. Normas que rigen el texto escrito. Rutinas y fórmulas.

Tema 6: WRITTEN COMMUNICATION. TYPES OF WRITTEN TEXTS. STRUCTURE AND FORMAL ELEMENTS. RULES. ROUTINES AND FORMULAS

ESSENTIAL INFORMATION TO DEVELOP

1. Introduction:

   • Natural order of skill acquisition: Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing.
   • Writing follows reading and fulfills social and communicative needs.
   • Types of communication: Non-verbal and verbal (oral and written).

2. Types of Written Texts:

   • Narrative: Real or fictional sequences of events, usually in chronological order.
   • Descriptive: Locations of persons and things in space.
   • Directive: Concrete future activity, use of imperatives.
   • Expository: Definitions, explanations, summaries, essays.
   • Argumentative: Aims to change the receiver's beliefs.
   • Examples: Novels, short stories, letters, articles, reports, recipes, advertisements, etc.

3. Structure and Formal Elements:

   • General Rules: One idea per paragraph, specific conventions for different genres.
   • Text Types:
     • Argumentative: Use of present tense, passive voice, rhetorical questions.
     • Expository: Structured presentation, development, conclusion.
     • Narrative: Introduction, conflict, resolution.
   • Main Elements:
     • Context: Involves participants, setting, and goal.
     • Texture: Cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, intertextuality.
     • Graphological Resources: Orthography, punctuation, text layout (headings, footnotes, bold, italics).

4. Rules:

   • Governed by purpose (genre) and situation.
   • Style vs. Register:
     • Style: Individual’s use of language.
     • Register: Appropriateness of text to the communicative situation.

5. Routines and Formulas:

   • Information Routines: Conventional ways of presenting information.
   • Expository Routines: Factual information on sequencing or identity.
   • Evaluative Routines: Involve conclusions, reasoning, predictions.
   • Patterns: Problem-solution, claim-counterclaim, general-specific.
   • Formulaic Expressions: Idiomatic expressions for fluency and appropriateness.
     • Tales and stories: Starters ("Once upon a time...") and endings ("... and they lived happily ever after").
     • Letters and invitations: Starters ("Dear") and endings ("Best wishes, Love").
   • Figures of Speech:
     • Sound Related: Alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia.
     • Syntax Related: Asyndeton, polysyndeton, anaphora, epiphora, anastrophe.
     • Spelling Related: Aphaeresis, syncope.
     • Others: Palindrome, anagram.

6. Electronic Discourse:

   • Netiquette: Etiquette on the internet.
   • Emojis: Visual representations to convey emotions.
   • Characteristics: Personal involvement markers, repetitions, direct address.
   • Features: Shortenings, clippings, contractions, unconventional spellings, word-letter replacements, acronyms.

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KEY CONCEPTS / TERMS / AUTHORS

• Text Typology: Narrative, Descriptive, Directive, Expository, Argumentative.
• Structure: Context, texture, graphological resources.
• Information Routines: Conventional ways of presenting information.
• Formulaic Expressions: Idiomatic expressions for different text types.
• Electronic Discourse: Netiquette, emojis, online communication features.
• Key Authors: J.M. Adam, Halliday, Beaugrande & Dressler, Crystal, Byrne.

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Byrne, D. (1988). "Teaching Writing Skills."
2. Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). "Discourse analysis."
3. Beaugrande, R. A., & Dressler, W. U. (1981). "Introduction to text linguistics."
4. Crystal, D. (1985). "Linguistics" (on written communication: origins and development).
5. Adam, J.M. (1992). "Les Textes."

Recuerda que tienes dos libros imprescindibles para preparar la oposición de secundaria de inglés, específicos para la parte del desarrollo del tema (La receta del tema perfecto) y la del ejercicio práctico (1,2,3 ¡Practica otra vez! ).