5 La comunicación oral. Elementos y normas que rigen el discurso oral. Rutinas y fórmulas habituales. Estrategias propias de la comunicación oral.

Tema 5: ORAL COMMUNICATION. ELEMENTS AND RULES. COMMON ROUTINES AND FORMULAS

ESSENTIAL INFORMATION TO DEVELOP

1. Introduction:

   • Oral communication as the first manifestation of language.
   • Functions of spoken language: transactional (information transmission) and interactional (social interaction) (Brown and Yule).

2. Characteristics of Oral Discourse:

   • Inexplicitness due to extralinguistic context.
   • Randomness and lack of planning.
   • Non-fluency with mistakes often corrected by repetition or context.

3. Elements of Oral Communication:

   • Linguistic Elements:
     • Prosodic: stress, rhythm, and intonation.
     • Grammar: simple sentences, active voice, repetition of structures.
     • Lexical features: preference for simple words, low lexical density.
   • Extraliguistic/Non-linguistic Elements:
     • Body language: facial expressions, gestures, proxemics.
     • Hymes' SPEAKING model for analyzing speech events.

4. Rules of Oral Communication:

   • Levels of Rules: Phonetic-phonological, Morpho-syntactical, Semantic.
   • Usage and Use (Widdowson's taxonomy):
     • Usage: knowledge of rules.
     • Use: meaningful communicative behavior.
   • Grice’s Cooperative Principles:
     • Quality: truthfulness.
     • Quantity: informativeness.
     • Relation: relevance.
     • Manner: clarity.
   • Cohesion Devices (Halliday): reference, ellipsis, conjunctions, lexical organization.

5. Common Routines and Formulas:

   • Formulaic Language: used in specific situations (e.g., greetings, small talk).
   • Characteristics:
     • Performative: phatic communication.
     • Adjacency pairs: predefined exchanges in conversation.
   • Organization of Conversation:
     • Turns: when to talk.
     • Schemas: what the speakers want to convey.
     • Routines: openings and endings.
     • Goffman’s Taxonomy: discursive markers, openings/closings, back-channel signals, turn-over signals.

KEY CONCEPTS / TERMS / AUTHORS

• Transactional Language: Information transmission.
• Interactional Language: Social interaction.
• Prosodic Features: Stress, rhythm, intonation.
• Hymes' SPEAKING Model: Setting, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, Genre.
• Grice’s Cooperative Principles: Quality, Quantity, Relation, Manner.
• Formulaic Language: Fixed utterances used in specific situations.
• Key Authors: Brown and Yule, Hymes, Halliday, Grice, Goffman.

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). "Teaching the spoken language."
2. Hymes, D. (1974). "Foundations of sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach."
3. Austin, J.L. (1962). "How to do things with words."
4. Mehrabian, A. (1972). "Nonverbal communication."
5. Knight, C. (2014). "The social origins of language."

Recuerda que tienes dos libros imprescindibles para preparar la oposición de secundaria de inglés, específicos para la parte del desarrollo del tema (La receta del tema perfecto) y la del ejercicio práctico (1,2,3 ¡Practica otra vez! ).