36. Los textos dialógicos. Estructura y características.

 36. DIALOGIC TEXT. STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS

ESSENTIAL INFORMATION TO DEVELOP

1. Concepts

• Discourse Analysis
• Types of Texts
• Conversation Analysis
• Hearer-Support Maxim
• Communicative Competence

2. Structure of Dialogic Texts

• Speech Acts (Austin):
  • Locutionary Acts
  • Illocutionary Acts
  • Perlocutionary Acts
• Categories of Speech Acts in Dialogues
• Grice’s Cooperative Principles

3. Edmonson’s Model for Structure of Conversation

• Encounters
• Exchanges
  • Uptake
  • Appealer
• Organization of Conversation:
  • Adjacency Pairs
  • Turns
  • Schemas, Topics, Routines
  • Preference Organization

KEY CONCEPTS/TERMS/AUTHORS

• Speech Act Theory (Austin)
• Cooperative Principles (Grice)
• Adjacency Pairs (McCarthy)
• Communicative Competence (Hymes)
• Phatic Communication (Malinowski)

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Edmonson, W. "Spoken Discourse." 1981
• Austin, J. L. "How to Do Things with Words." 1962
• Searle, J. "Speech Acts." 1969
• Grice, H. P. "Logic and Conversation." 1975
• Hymes, D. "On Communicative Competence." 1976

5 La comunicación oral. Elementos y normas que rigen el discurso oral. Rutinas y fórmulas habituales. Estrategias propias de la comunicación oral.

Tema 5: ORAL COMMUNICATION. ELEMENTS AND RULES. COMMON ROUTINES AND FORMULAS

ESSENTIAL INFORMATION TO DEVELOP

1. Introduction:

   • Oral communication as the first manifestation of language.
   • Functions of spoken language: transactional (information transmission) and interactional (social interaction) (Brown and Yule).

2. Characteristics of Oral Discourse:

   • Inexplicitness due to extralinguistic context.
   • Randomness and lack of planning.
   • Non-fluency with mistakes often corrected by repetition or context.

3. Elements of Oral Communication:

   • Linguistic Elements:
     • Prosodic: stress, rhythm, and intonation.
     • Grammar: simple sentences, active voice, repetition of structures.
     • Lexical features: preference for simple words, low lexical density.
   • Extraliguistic/Non-linguistic Elements:
     • Body language: facial expressions, gestures, proxemics.
     • Hymes' SPEAKING model for analyzing speech events.

4. Rules of Oral Communication:

   • Levels of Rules: Phonetic-phonological, Morpho-syntactical, Semantic.
   • Usage and Use (Widdowson's taxonomy):
     • Usage: knowledge of rules.
     • Use: meaningful communicative behavior.
   • Grice’s Cooperative Principles:
     • Quality: truthfulness.
     • Quantity: informativeness.
     • Relation: relevance.
     • Manner: clarity.
   • Cohesion Devices (Halliday): reference, ellipsis, conjunctions, lexical organization.

5. Common Routines and Formulas:

   • Formulaic Language: used in specific situations (e.g., greetings, small talk).
   • Characteristics:
     • Performative: phatic communication.
     • Adjacency pairs: predefined exchanges in conversation.
   • Organization of Conversation:
     • Turns: when to talk.
     • Schemas: what the speakers want to convey.
     • Routines: openings and endings.
     • Goffman’s Taxonomy: discursive markers, openings/closings, back-channel signals, turn-over signals.

KEY CONCEPTS / TERMS / AUTHORS

• Transactional Language: Information transmission.
• Interactional Language: Social interaction.
• Prosodic Features: Stress, rhythm, intonation.
• Hymes' SPEAKING Model: Setting, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, Genre.
• Grice’s Cooperative Principles: Quality, Quantity, Relation, Manner.
• Formulaic Language: Fixed utterances used in specific situations.
• Key Authors: Brown and Yule, Hymes, Halliday, Grice, Goffman.

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). "Teaching the spoken language."
2. Hymes, D. (1974). "Foundations of sociolinguistics: An ethnographic approach."
3. Austin, J.L. (1962). "How to do things with words."
4. Mehrabian, A. (1972). "Nonverbal communication."
5. Knight, C. (2014). "The social origins of language."